Vocabulary for IELTS Academic (Band 8-9) - Finance

a contract that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price within a specified time frame

the official record of financial transactions and accounts for a business, including ledgers, journals, and other accounting documents

an act of spending less money during difficult financial times

the rhythmic pattern of economic growth and decline, consisting of phases such as expansion, peak, contraction, and trough

a service or product that provides a business or company with a stable income

the amount that was profited or lost in an organization or company after everything was calculated

a financial officer responsible for managing and overseeing the financial accounts and budgets of an organization

the acquisition of a company or a controlling interest in a company's shares, often initiated by an outside entity or a group of investors, resulting in a change of ownership and control

the value of an asset after deducting all claims, debts, or liens against it

a thing or method that protects one against potential problems, particularly financial ones

a company's gross sales or revenues, before any costs or expenses are deducted

the movement of money in and out of a business or financial system, indicating its liquidity and financial well-being

a decline in something's price or value

an agreement among independent entities, often businesses, to control prices, production, and distribution in a specific industry, reducing competition and increasing market power

the acquisition of a company, leading to a change in ownership and often involving the purchase of a substantial portion of its shares

a financial market where long-term debt or equity-backed securities are bought and sold

the act of buying a company and then selling its assets separately, often at a profit, without regard for the company's long-term viability