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Cambridge IELTS 19 - Akademicki - Test 4 - Czytanie - Fragment 3 (2)

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Cambridge IELTS 19 - Academic
possession
possession
[Rzeczownik]

(usually plural) anything that a person has or owns at a specific time

mienie, posiadłości

mienie, posiadłości

Ex: As he packed his possessions into boxes, memories flooded back from years spent in the old house. 
ethical
ethical
[przymiotnik]

sticking to principles of right and wrong conduct and moral standards

etyczny, moralny

etyczny, moralny

Ex: The ethical treatment of animals is a priority for many. 
obligation
obligation
[Rzeczownik]

an action that one must perform because they are legally or morally forced to do so

obowiązek, zobowiązanie

obowiązek, zobowiązanie

Ex: Paying taxes is a civic obligation that supports public services and infrastructure. 
disparity
disparity
[Rzeczownik]

a noticeable and often significant difference or inequality between two or more things

różnica, nierówność

różnica, nierówność

Ex: There is a large disparity between the wealth of the billionaire class and the working poor struggling to afford basic necessities. 
status
status
[Rzeczownik]

someone or something's professional or social position relative to that of others

status, pozycja

status, pozycja

Ex: Her status as a respected scientist was well-deserved. 
to arise
to arise
[Czasownik]

to begin to exist or become noticeable

powstawać, pojawiać się

powstawać, pojawiać się

Ex: Unexpected challenges can arise during the course of a project, requiring swift problem-solving. 
to swap
to swap
[Czasownik]

to give something to a person and receive something else in return

zamieniać, wymieniać

zamieniać, wymieniać

Ex: They decided to swap books to diversify their reading choices. 
arrow
arrow
[Rzeczownik]

a type of weapon consisting of a metal or wooden bar with a sharp head and feathers at the end

strzała, bełt

strzała, bełt

Ex: The archer drew his bow and released the arrow, hitting the target with precision. 
hunting
hunting
[Rzeczownik]

the activity of pursuing and killing wild animals or birds for money, food, or fun

polowanie, łowiectwo

polowanie, łowiectwo

acclaim
acclaim
[Rzeczownik]

admiration for achievements, often in art, performance, leadership, or innovation

uznanie, pochwała

uznanie, pochwała

Ex: The film received international acclaim for its storytelling and direction. 
to belong to
to belong to
[Czasownik]

to be owned by a particular person or group

należeć do, być własnością

należeć do, być własnością

Ex: The beautiful garden belongs to the community and is open to everyone. 
domineering
domineering
[przymiotnik]

showing a tendency to have control over others without taking their emotions into account

apodyktyczny, dominujący

apodyktyczny, dominujący

Ex: His domineering personality made it difficult for others to express their opinions without fear of retribution. 
to ostracize
to ostracize
[Czasownik]

to exclude someone from a community or group as a form of punishment or social rejection

ostracyzmować, wykluczać

ostracyzmować, wykluczać

Ex: After the scandal, he was ostracized by his colleagues and no longer invited to company events. 
to exile
to exile
[Czasownik]

to force someone to live away from their native country, usually due to political reasons or as a punishment

zesłać, wygnać

zesłać, wygnać

Ex: The political dissident was exiled from the country for speaking out against the government. 
offender
offender
[Rzeczownik]

a person who commits a crime

przestępca, winowajca

przestępca, winowajca

Ex: The police apprehended the offender and took him into custody. 
to dictate
to dictate
[Czasownik]

to tell someone what to do or not to do, in an authoritative way

dyktować, rozkazywać

dyktować, rozkazywać

Ex: The manager dictated a set of guidelines for the project. 
to benefit
to benefit
[Czasownik]

to gain something good from something or someone

korzystać, odnosić korzyści

korzystać, odnosić korzyści

Ex: By attending the workshop, she hoped to benefit from expert advice. 
racism
racism
[Rzeczownik]

the belief that certain races are superior to others

rasizm, dyskryminacja rasowa

rasizm, dyskryminacja rasowa

Ex: The group spread racism, claiming superiority over other races. 
warfare
warfare
[Rzeczownik]

a struggle or competition between opposing groups or ideas

walka, konflikt

walka, konflikt

Ex: The companies engaged in fierce advertising warfare. 
to rest on
to rest on
[Czasownik]

to have as a foundation or to be based on a particular idea, concept, principle, or condition

opierać się na, zależeć od

opierać się na, zależeć od

Ex: The decision to invest in renewable energy sources rests on the commitment to sustainability and environmental responsibility. 
desperate
desperate
[przymiotnik]

feeling or showing deep sadness mixed with hopelessness and emotional pain

zdesperowany, w desperacji

zdesperowany, w desperacji

Ex: Her eyes looked desperate after hearing the bad news. 
sparsely
sparsely
[przysłówek]

in a way that is spread out thinly, with few people or things in an area

rzadko, słabo zaludniony

rzadko, słabo zaludniony

Ex: The village was sparsely settled, with homes far apart. 
to populate
to populate
[Czasownik]

(of individuals or communities) to be present in a particular area

zamieszkiwać, zasiedlać

zamieszkiwać, zasiedlać

Ex: Various indigenous tribes have populated the rainforest for centuries. 
population
population
[Rzeczownik]

the number of people who live in a particular city or country

populacja

populacja

Ex: As the population ages, there will be increasing strain on healthcare systems. 
hunter-gatherer
hunter-gatherer
[Rzeczownik]

a member of a society that survives by hunting animals, fishing, and gathering wild plants rather than practicing agriculture

łowca-zbieracz, łowca-zbieracz

łowca-zbieracz, łowca-zbieracz

Ex: Early humans were hunter-gatherers before the advent of farming. 
to hunt
to hunt
[Czasownik]

to pursue wild animals in order to kill or catch them, for sport or food

polować, ścigać

polować, ścigać

Ex: In some cultures, people still hunt for their food using traditional methods. 
density
density
[Rzeczownik]

the spatial property of having elements packed closely together, typically expressed as the number of units per given area or volume

gęstość, koncentracja

gęstość, koncentracja

Ex: Urban planners analyze population density to determine where to build new transit lines. 
unlikely
unlikely
[przymiotnik]

difficult to consider as plausible or believable

mało prawdopodobny, nieprawdopodobny

mało prawdopodobny, nieprawdopodobny

Ex: He made an unlikely claim about finding treasure in his backyard. 
competitiveness
competitiveness
[Rzeczownik]

the desire to win or succeed in a contest or rivalry with others

konkurencyjność

konkurencyjność

significant
significant
[przymiotnik]

important or great enough to be noticed or have an impact

ważny, znaczący

ważny, znaczący

Ex: The discovery of the ancient artifact was significant for understanding the region's history. 
to back
to back
[Czasownik]

to confirm, support, or provide evidence that something is legitimate or true

wspierać, potwierdzać

wspierać, potwierdzać

Ex: The scientist backed the theory with concrete evidence from multiple experiments. 
notion
notion
[Rzeczownik]

a general concept or belief

pojęcie, koncepcja

pojęcie, koncepcja

Ex: She had a notion that he was hiding something from her. 
contemporary
contemporary
[przymiotnik]

belonging to the current era

współczesny, aktualny

współczesny, aktualny

Ex: We studied the contemporary political landscape to understand today's issues. 
anthropologist
anthropologist
[Rzeczownik]

a scientist who studies human beings, especially their societies, cultures, languages, and physical development, both past and present

antropolog, etnolog

antropolog, etnolog

Ex: The anthropologist spent years living among the tribe to understand their customs. 
to remark
to remark
[Czasownik]

to express one's opinion through a statement

zauważyć, skomentować

zauważyć, skomentować

Ex: After tasting the dish, she couldn't help but remark on the chef's exceptional culinary skills. 
to characterize
to characterize
[Czasownik]

to be a typical feature or quality of someone or something

charakteryzować, definiować

charakteryzować, definiować

Ex: The rough terrain and dense forests characterize the landscape of the Pacific Northwest. 
extreme
extreme
[przymiotnik]

very high in intensity or degree

ekstremalny, intensywny

ekstremalny, intensywny

Ex: The hikers faced extreme weather conditions during their ascent, including freezing temperatures and high winds. 
egalitarianism
egalitarianism
[Rzeczownik]

the belief in and advocacy for the equal rights, opportunities, and treatment of all individuals, regardless of their gender, race, social class, or other distinguishing characteristics

egalitaryzm, egalitaryzm

egalitaryzm, egalitaryzm

Ex: Egalitarianism strives for a society where all citizens have equal access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. 
to observe
to observe
[Czasownik]

to make a written or spoken remark

zauważyć, zaznaczyć

zauważyć, zaznaczyć

Ex: During the meeting, she observed that the proposed budget allocation seemed disproportionate. 
to accumulate
to accumulate
[Czasownik]

to collect an increasing amount of something over time

gromadzić, zbierać

gromadzić, zbierać

Ex: Over the years, he has accumulated a vast collection of rare stamps from all over the world. 
property
property
[Rzeczownik]

a building or the piece of land surrounding it, owned by individuals, businesses, or entities

własność,  nieruchomość

własność, nieruchomość

Ex: They inherited a large property with acres of farmland and a historic farmhouse. 
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