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Essential Vocabulary for TOEFL - The Business World

Here you will learn some English words about the business world, such as "agency", "industry", "venture", etc. that are needed for the TOEFL exam.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
human capital

one person or a group of people's abilities and strengths, looked at as valuable assets

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marketplace

the physical or virtual space where goods, services, and commodities are bought, sold, or exchanged, often involving various sellers and buyers

Ex: The online marketplace allows customers to shop from a wide variety of sellers. 
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commerce
commerce
[noun]

the act of buying and selling goods and services, particularly between countries

Ex: International commerce plays a vital role in global economic development, facilitating trade between nations. 
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agency
agency
[noun]

a business or organization that provides services to other parties, especially by representing them in transactions

Ex: A real estate agency helps facilitate transactions between property buyers and sellers. 
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commercial
commercial
[Adjective]

related to the purchasing and selling of different goods and services

Ex: Commercial transactions involve the exchange of goods or services for money. 
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industry
industry
[noun]

all of the activities, companies, and people that are involved in providing a service or producing goods

Ex: The fashion industry is constantly evolving with new trends. 
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enterprise

a company

Ex: The family-owned enterprise has been in operation for over three generations. 
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corporation

a company or group of people that are considered as a single unit by law

Ex: The corporation expanded its operations into international markets last year. 
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human resources

(in an organization, company, etc.) a department that is in charge of hiring new employees and training them

Ex: She applied for a job in the human resources. 
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corporate
corporate
[Adjective]

involving a large company

Ex: The corporate headquarters of the company are located in New York City. 
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start-up
start-up
[noun]

a newly established company or business venture, typically characterized by its innovative approach, early-stage development, and a focus on growth

Ex: He launched a tech start-up with his friends. 
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headquarters

the place where the main offices of a large company or organization are located

Ex: The company's headquarters are located in downtown New York City. 
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franchise
franchise
[noun]

a commercial enterprise that functions under an agreement, using the branding, systems, and products of an established company

Ex: He opened a franchise of a well-known pizza chain downtown. 
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venture
venture
[noun]

a business activity that is mostly very risky

Ex: They started a new venture in the tech industry, knowing the risks. 
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strategy
strategy
[noun]

an organized plan made to achieve a goal

Ex: Their marketing strategy increased sales last year. 
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to manufacture

to produce products in large quantities by using machinery

Ex: The company manufactures electronic devices, such as smartphones and tablets. 
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machinery
machinery
[noun]

machines, especially large ones, considered collectively

Ex: The factory was filled with heavy machinery, each performing a specific function in the production line. 
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workshop
workshop
[noun]

a building or room in which particular goods are made or fixed by different means

Ex: The carpentry workshop is equipped with saws, drills, and sanders for making wooden furniture. 
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profit margin

the difference between the earnings and the costs in a business

Ex: The company's profit margin increased significantly after implementing cost-saving measures and streamlining operations. 
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earnings
earnings
[noun]

(always plural) money received for work done or services provided

Ex: The company reported higher-than-expected earnings for the quarter, boosting investor confidence. 
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shareholder

a natural or legal person that owns at least one share in a company

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representative

an advocate or agent promoting another's policy or purpose

Ex: The lobbyist acted as a representative of the corporation. 
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to sponsor

to cover the costs of a project, TV or radio program, activity, etc., often in exchange for advertising

Ex: The company sponsored the local sports team, contributing to their uniforms and equipment. 
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merger
merger
[noun]

the joining of two companies or organizations together to form a larger one

Ex: The merger between the two leading airlines created one of the largest aviation companies in the world. 
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association

an organization of people who have a common purpose

Ex: The local book association hosts monthly meetings at the community center. 
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administration

the process and activities required to control and manage an organization

Ex: The nurse is responsible for the administration of medications at the correct times. 
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administrative
administrative
[Adjective]

related to the management and organization of tasks, processes, or resources within an organization or system

Ex: The administrative staff handles day-to-day operations in the office. 
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executive
executive
[Adjective]

using or having the power to decide on important matters, plans, etc. or to implement them

Ex: The executive order was issued by the president to enforce the new policy. 
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marketing
marketing
[noun]

the act or process of selling or advertising a product or service, usually including market research

Ex: Successful marketing requires understanding customer needs. 
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branding
branding
[noun]

the promotion of a particular product or company by means of advertising and distinctive design

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promotion
promotion
[noun]

the activity of drawing public attention to a service or product in order to help it sell more

Ex: The store is running a promotion this weekend, offering discounts on selected items. 
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to publicize

to dispose information about something, so that it publicly known

Ex: The team publicized their achievements to gain more recognition. 
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to launch
to launch
[Verb]

to make a new product or provide a new service and introduce it to the public

Ex: The company will launch its new smartphone next week. 
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distribution

the process of supplying shops and other businesses with products to be sold

Ex: The company improved its distribution network to ensure products reach stores faster. 
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to chair
to chair
[Verb]

to lead a committee or meeting

Ex: She regularly chairs the weekly team meetings, ensuring all agenda items are addressed. 
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chief technology officer

a person of senior rank in charge of a company's technological matters

Ex: The chief technology officer is responsible for overseeing the company's technological strategy and innovation. 
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entrepreneur

a person who starts a business, especially one who takes financial risks

Ex: As an entrepreneur, she started her own tech company with just a small investment. 
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merchant
merchant
[noun]

someone who buys and sells goods wholesale

Ex: The merchant traveled across the seas to trade spices and silk with distant lands. 
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chief financial officer

a person of the highest authority over a company's financial matters

Ex: The chief financial officer presented the quarterly financial report to the board of directors. 
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chief executive officer

the highest-ranking person in a company

Ex: The CEO announced a new strategy for the company. 
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