Cambridge IELTS 19 - Academic - Test 1 - Listening - Part 4 (1)

to exist or occur at an earlier time than something else

the quality of being fixed or steady and unlikely to change

after a particular event or time

a group of people who live in the same area

to examine something scientifically, typically to discover facts or evidence

to investigate something to gain knowledge or understanding about it

a community established by people living far from their homeland who retain nationality and cultural ties, without being governed by the home state

continuing to exist all the time, without significant changes

to think that something is true without having proof or evidence

at or to a more advanced point or stage

to place or add something into a specific space or object

to systematically examine and record geographical features, data, or information

the way something is arranged or organized in a particular pattern or structure

a method used for measuring how old an organic material is by calculating the amount of carbon they contain

to show that something is true through the use of evidence or facts

the parts of the objects and structures from ancient times that have survived destruction and been discovered

an area where a group of families or people live together, often in a newly established community

a fraction of 100, commonly used to show proportions, rates, or comparisons

having absorbed as much of a substance as possible at a given temperature, reaching its maximum concentration

a type of small, woody plant with tiny purple or pink flowers, often found in hilly or rocky areas

to be gradually damaged or destroyed as a result of natural processes

to grow in amount, size, or number over time

the level of acid in a substance, often measured by a pH below 7

a visual or oral communication delivered to an audience, often using slides or other aids, to inform or persuade

a brownish substance, often found under the ground or in regions with wet climate, formed by plants dying and becoming buried, that once added to the soil, can enhance its quality and help plants grow faster

the condition of not having enough of something essential, expected, or required, whether in amount, quality, or strength

related to the latest part of the Stone Age when humans used stones as tools and weapons

an area of land on which something is, was, or will be constructed

at the present time

to need or demand something as necessary for a particular purpose or situation

a person whose job is to study ancient societies using facts, objects, buildings, etc. remaining in excavation sites

a value that represents the central or typical point in a set of data, often calculated as the mean, median, or mode

a wet, spongy area of land that is often covered in moss and has poor drainage, making it soft and soggy

in a steady or unchanging way over time

to cover or hide something from sight, often by placing it in the ground or covering it with another material

someone who held a position, office, or role before another person

a small tool or device that is placed inside something to test it or gather information

kept in good condition or protected from damage, even after a long time

a place used by local people for events, meetings, or activities that serve the public