Cambridge IELTS 19 - Academic - Test 1 - Reading - Passage 3 (1)

used to introduce a result based on the information or actions that came before

the possibility or likelihood of something happening or becoming true, real, or effective

arising directly from a specific cause or reason, without any intervening factors

a change in a person or thing caused by another person or thing

***if something unpleasant or difficult looms large, it seems certain to happen

a way, system, object, etc. through which one can achieve a goal or accomplish a task

as time passes or progresses

involving or impacting a large number of things or people collectively

in relation to or concerning someone or something

to a greater extent than is reasonable or acceptable

to give information about someone or something, especially in an official manner

the ongoing existence or continuous effort of something over a period of time, especially despite difficulties

great and immediate danger, especially when one may be harmed or even killed

false or inaccurate information that is spread or communicated, often with the intention of deceiving or misleading others

to examine the truth or accuracy of something

to overcome challenges, defend beliefs, or achieve a difficult thing

existing or spreading among many people, groups, or communities through communication, influence, or awareness

a statement or belief that is not true

in a way that is done consciously and intentionally

used to provide an alternative or clearer way of expressing the same idea

to have a specific opinion or belief about someone or something

to help or support the progress or development of something

causing harm or damage

a phenomenon or event that follows from and is caused by a previous action or occurrence

a fact or piece of information gathered by noticing or watching something carefully

unable to be prevented

without being exact

relating to or expressed using spoken language

to be connected to or about a particular subject

belonging to the current era

widespread forms of communication, including TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet, that reach a large audience with news, information, and entertainment

seeming to be true but not necessarily

a situation or a chance where doing or achieving something particular becomes possible or easier

to give good reasons to justify a particular action

someone who makes decisions about the policies that a government or organization follows

to obtain something through one's own actions or hard work

related to long-term planning or the careful organization of actions to achieve specific goals or objectives

used to introduce the first and essential point or reason when presenting a series of statements

to be likely to develop or occur in a certain way because that is the usual pattern

to take steps or do something in order to achieve a particular goal or result

at the starting point of a process or situation

used to introduce the second point, reason, step, etc.

the traditional form of mass communication, such as newspapers, magazines, books, and other printed materials, that convey information and entertainment through ink and paper

(of a book, program, article, etc.) to be issued, broadcasted, or published

any form of information, media, or material that is created, published, or shared on digital platforms, including text, images, videos, articles, podcasts, and more

relating to interactions or relationships between people

a relationship between people or groups based on shared experiences, ideas, or emotions

used to introduce additional information or to emphasize a point

used to introduce the third point, reason, step, etc.

by accident or through lack of attention

not precise or correct

a period of history marked by particular features or events

to give someone or something the means or ability to do something

to be able to be seen or heard by a number of people

a group of individuals who receive, consume, or engage with a particular form of media, such as television shows, films, performances, or social media content

the planet Earth

not according to reality or facts

happening later in a process or sequence, often with an impact on subsequent stages

a state of compatibility or coordinated action among people, ideas, or groups

in all parts of a place, group, or area

to spread or scatter something over a surface

a wrong or mistaken understanding of something

something that we think is true or real