Cambridge IELTS 19 - Academic - Test 4 - Reading - Passage 3 (1)

showing concern for the needs and happiness of others over one's own interests or benefits

focused on oneself and one's own needs, often disregarding the needs or feelings of others

an idea or belief that one thinks is true without having a proof

used to convey that something seems to be true based on the available evidence or information

showing no mercy or compassion towards others in pursuit of one's goals

a sudden strong urge or desire to do something, often without thinking or planning beforehand

to try to achieve a better result compared to that of other people or things

to collect an increasing amount of something over time

the ability to control or have an effect on things or people

(usually plural) anything that a person has or owns at a specific time

used to refer to the reciprocal relationship or action between multiple people or things

existing beyond what is readily apparent or visible, often intentionally hidden or concealed

a reason or purpose behind someone's actions or behavior

to go beyond a particular limit, quality, or standard, often in an exceptional way

(of a quality or skill) gained from the moment that one was born

the trait of extreme cruelty

(of situations) not giving any or much hope or encouragement

the shared psychological attributes of humankind that are assumed to be shared by all human beings

in an affectionate or emotionally intimate way

to make a connection between someone or something and another in the mind

to provide a valid reason or explanation for an action, decision, or belief, usually something that others consider wrong

the fundamental values and beliefs that influence and guide the behavior and attitudes of a person, group, or organization

marked by or expressing individuality

widespread or commonly occurring at a particular time or in a particular place

used to indicate that something is being mentioned or discussed in relation to a particular subject, source, or context

an area of activity or a subject of study

related to evolution or the slow and gradual development of something

to formulate a hypothesis to explain something, often as a starting point for further investigation or study

existing or occurring in the current period

a distinguishing quality or characteristic, especially one that forms part of someone's personality or identity

relating or belonging to the time before history was recorded

a distinct period of history or culture, or a specific moment or duration of time

to describe something using a specific word or phrase

the era in human history from which we have no written record

to regard someone or something in a specific way

very extreme or great

the act of trying to achieve a goal by doing better than others who are also aiming for the same goal

unpleasant or harsh in a way that is difficult to endure

a disposition to behave aggressively

mercilessness characterized by a lack of pity

likely to happen or sure to experience something

an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)

a person or entity competing against another for the same objective or superiority in a field

(genetics) a basic unit of heredity and a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is located on a chromosome in a cell and controls a particular quality

the ability or quality of being able to adjust or change to fit different situations or environments