the outermost layer of the Earth, consisting of solid rock and divided into the continental crust and the oceanic crust
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地壳, 地球壳
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the process by which soil and rock are gradually destroyed and removed by natural forces such as wind, water, and ice
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侵蚀, 侵蚀作用
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the scientific study of minerals, their composition, properties, and classification, often involving the analysis of crystal structures and the identification of various mineral species
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矿物学
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the branch of geology that focuses on the study of rocks, their classification, composition, origin, and the processes involved in their formation
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岩石学
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the scientific study of landforms, their origin, development, and classification, often examining the processes that shape the Earth's surface, such as erosion, deposition, and tectonic activity
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地貌学
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a tapering, icicle-like mineral formation hanging from the roof of a cave or underground structure, typically composed of calcium carbonate deposited by dripping water containing dissolved minerals
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钟乳石
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a cone-shaped mineral formation rising from the floor of a cave or underground structure, formed by the deposition of minerals from dripping water containing dissolved substances
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钟乳石, 锥形矿物形成物
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a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras, comprising most of Earth's landmasses fused together before breaking apart into the continents we recognize today
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盘古大陆
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an ancient supercontinent that included South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Arabian Peninsula
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冈瓦纳, 冈瓦纳大陆
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a hypothetical ancient supercontinent that existed from the late Precambrian to the Jurassic period, comprising the landmasses of present-day North America, Europe, Asia, and parts of Antarctica, before it began to break apart
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劳拉西亚
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the total amount of water on Earth, including oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and atmospheric water vapor
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水圈, 水体圈
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a principle in geology stating that in a sequence of undisturbed sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks are at the top, and the oldest rocks are at the bottom, helping determine the relative ages of geological formations
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叠加原理
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a visible exposure of rock or geological strata at the Earth's surface, often occurring on hillsides, cliffs, or other elevated areas, providing insight into the underlying geological structure
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岩石露头, 地质露出
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